Life and Work of H.L. Mencken, Writer and Social Critic

Life and Work of H.L. Mencken, Writer and Social Critic H.L. Mencken was an American creator and supervisor who rose to unmistakable quality during the 1920s. For a period, Mencken was viewed as probably the most honed eyewitness of American life and culture. His writing contained incalculable quotable expressions that worked their way into the national talk. During his lifetime, the Baltimore local was frequently called The Sage of Baltimore. Regularly viewed as a fiercely disputable figure, Mencken was known for communicating stridentâ opinions that were hard to order. He remarked on policy centered issues in a coordinated paper segment and applied impact on current writing through a well known magazine he co-altered, The American Mercury. Quick Facts: H.L. Mencken Known As: The Sage of BaltimoreOccupation: Writer, editorBorn: September 12, 1880 in Baltimore, MarylandEducation: Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (high school)Died: January 29, 1956 in Baltimore, MarylandFun Fact: Ernest Hemingway went on about Menckens impact in his novel The Sun Also Rises, in which hero Jake Barnes reflects, such huge numbers of youngsters get their preferences from Mencken. Early Life and Career Henry Louis Mencken was conceived September 12, 1880 in Baltimore, Maryland. His granddad, who had emigrated from Germany during the 1840s, succeeded in the tobacco business. Menckens father, August, was additionally in the tobacco business, and youthful Henry experienced childhood in an agreeable white collar class home. As a youngster, Mencken was sent to a tuition based school worked by a German educator. As a teenager he proceeded onward to an open secondary school, the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated at 16 years old. His training was centered around science and mechanics, subjects that would set him up for a vocation in assembling, Yet Mencken was unmistakably increasingly captivated by composing and the investigation of writing. He attributed his affection for keeping in touch with his youth revelation of Mark Twain, and particularly Twains great novel, Huckleberry Finn. Mencken developed into an energetic peruser and tried to be an author. His dad, in any case, had different thoughts. He needed his child to tail him into the tobacco business, and for a couple of years, Mencken worked for his dad. In any case, when Mencken was 18, his dad kicked the bucket, and he took it as a risk to follow his aspiration. He introduced himself at the workplace of a neighborhood paper, The Herald, and requested a vocation. He was turned down from the start, yet persevered and in the end found a vocation composing for the paper. A vigorous and brisk student, Mencken immediately rose to be the Heralds city manager and eventually the editorial manager. News coverage Career In 1906, Mencken moved to the Baltimore Sun, which turned into his expert home for the greater part of an amazing remainder. At the Sun, he was offered the opportunity to compose his own segment, named The Freelance. As a writer, Mencken built up a style in which he assaulted what he saw as obliviousness and bluster. A lot of his composing focused on what he thought about unremarkableness in legislative issues and culture, frequently conveying cutting parody in deliberately created expositions. Mencken impacted those he thought about wolves in sheep's clothing, which regularly included self-righteous strict figures and government officials. As his scorching writing showed up in magazines across the country, he pulled in an after of perusers who considered him to be a legitimate appraiser of American culture. At the point when World War I broke out, Mencken, who was extremely pleased with his German roots and incredulous of the British, appeared to be on an inappropriate side of standard American sentiment. He was to some degree sidelined during contentions about his devotion, particularly after the United States entered the war, yet his vocation bounced back during the 1920s. Acclaim and Controversy In the late spring of 1925, when a Tennessee teacher, John Scopes, was put being investigated for instructing about the hypothesis of development, Mencken made a trip to Dayton, Tennessee to cover his preliminary. His dispatches were coordinated to papers around the nation. The prominent speaker and political figure William Jennings Bryan had been gotten as an extraordinary examiner for the case. Mencken happily ridiculed him and his fundamentalist adherents. Menckens providing details regarding the Scopes Trial was broadly perused, and residents of the Tennessee town facilitating the preliminary were offended. On July 17, 1925, the New York Times distributed aâ dispatch from Daytonâ topped with the accompanying stacked features: Mencken Epithets Rouse Daytons Ire, Citizens Resent Being Called Babbitts, Morons, Peasants, Hill-Billies, and Yokels, and Talk of Beating Him Up. Not long after the finish of the preliminary, William Jennings Bryan kicked the bucket. Mencken, who had chided Bryan throughout everyday life, composed a severely stunning examination of him. In the exposition, named In Memoriam: W.J.B., Mencken assaulted the as of late withdrew Bryan without leniency, destroying Bryans notoriety in great Mencken style: If the individual was true, at that point so was P. T. Barnum. The word is disrespected and debased by such employments. He was, actually, a fake, a charlatan, a kooky without sense or poise. Menckens spearing of Bryan appeared to characterize his job in the America of the Roaring Twenties. Savage suppositions written in rich composition brought him fans, and his disobedience to what he saw as Puritanical numbness roused perusers. The American Mercury While composing his coordinated paper section, Mencken held a second and similarly requesting work as a co-proofreader, with his companion George Jean Nathan, of the abstract magazine The American Mercury. The magazine distributed short fiction just as news-casting, and for the most part included articles and bits of analysis by Mencken. The magazine got known for distributing crafted by significant American journalists of the time, including William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, and W.E.B. Du Bois. In 1925, an issue of The American Mercury was restricted in Boston when a short story in it was esteemed to be corrupt. Mencken went to Boston and by and by offered a duplicate of the issue to one of the blue pencils so he could be captured (as a horde of undergrads gived a shout out to him). He was cleared and generally commended for his barrier of opportunity of the press. Mencken left the editorship of the American Mercury in 1933, when his political perspectives were viewed as getting increasingly moderate and distant from dynamic perusers. Mencken communicated open hatred for President Franklin D. Rooseveltâ and perpetually ridiculed and censured the projects of the New Deal. The expressive renegade of the 1920s had transformed into a testy traditionalist as the nation endured during the Great Depression. The American Language Mencken had consistently been profoundly intrigued by the advancement of language, and in 1919 had distributed a book, The American Language, which reported how words came into utilization by Americans. During the 1930s, Mencken came back to his work reporting language. He urged perusers to send him instances of words in different districts of the nation, and busied himself with that exploration. A significantly augmented fourth version of The American Languageâ was distributed in 1936. He later refreshed the work with supplements distributed as discrete volumes. Menckens research on how Americans changed and utilized the English language is dated at this point, obviously, however it is as yet useful and frequently engaging. Journals and Legacy Mencken had been cordial with Harold Ross, the manager of The New Yorker, and Ross, during the 1930s, urged Mencken to compose personal expositions for the magazine. In a progression of articles, Mencken expounded on his adolescence in Baltimore, his unruly years as a youthful writer, and his grown-up profession as an editorial manager and reporter. The articles were in the end distributed as a progression of three books, Happy Days, Newspaper Days, and Heathen Days. In 1948 Mencken, keeping to his long custom, secured both significant gathering political shows and composed coordinated dispatches about what he had seen. Late that year he experienced a stroke which he just somewhat recouped. He experienced issues talking, and his capacity to peruse and compose had been lost. He lived discreetly in his home in Baltimore, visited by companions, including William Manchester, who might compose the main significant memoir of Mencken. He kicked the bucket on January 29, 1956. In spite of the fact that he had been out of the open eye for quite a long time, his demise wasâ reported as first page newsâ by the New York Times. In the decades since his passing, Menckens heritage has been broadly discussed. There is no uncertainty he was an author of incredible ability, however his showcase of extremist mentalities unquestionably lessened his notoriety. Sources Mencken, H. L. Storm Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature, vol. 3, Gale, 2009, pp. 1112-1116. Storm Virtual Reference Library. Berner, R. Thomas. Mencken, H. L. (1880â€1956). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, altered by Thomas Riggs, second ed., vol. 3, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 543-545. Henry Louis Mencken. Reference book of World Biography, second ed., vol. 10, Gale, 2004, pp. 481-483. Manchester, William. The Life and Riotous Times of H.L. Mencken. Rosetta Books, 2013.Mencken, H. L., and Alistair Cooke. The Vintage Mencken. Vintage, 1990.

IT case study Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IT contextual investigation - Outline Example t business measurements, useful assistance advantages for the cafã ©, administration utility, results got from rehearsing request the executives, significance of early life backing and whether the cafã © ought to have the administration work area (Lytras, Ziderman and Manolova, 2010. pp.156). IT foundation library is the way toward providing fundamental practices for the IT administrations. The utilization of this technique is rising in light of the fact that different business premises rely upon IT to fulfill and accomplish the company’s’ procedures. Along these lines, Bill Melmac, the proprietor of Melmac cafã © ought to consider executing the IT foundation Library in its business. This will be of advantage in light of the fact that the library has unique speculations and methodology that direct any business to settle on the best and productive thought relating the activity and the executives of the business. ITIL will offer Bill Melmac with advices and diverse IT seminars on the administration of his business administrations (Lytras, Ziderman and Manolova, 2010. pp.157). ITIL will furnish Bill Melmac with general information in regards to the cafã © administration systems, the plans that he ought to apply in conveying the arranged nourishments to the customers, the best assistance progress material in his business, prudent help tasks and how he can constantly improve his cafã © administrations. Hence, in the wake of applying the ITIL in his cafã ©, Bill will pass on the ideal ITIL bundle the board answers for his cafã ©. He will likewise distinguish the particular prerequisites for his business and actualize them thusly. He will find out the reasonable ITIL administration the board arrangements that are significant in taking care of his business issues and guarantee that the administration is savvy (Lytras, Ziderman and Manolova, 2010. pp.156). Business result alludes to the objective or the advantages that a given business premise endeavors to accomplish after it encounters intercessions or makes changes. Business results are the principle reasons why numerous organizations draw in different exercises, activities,

James Fenimore Coopers Last of the Mohicans: Book and Movie Essay

James Fenimore Cooper's Last of the Mohicans: Book and Movie  The book Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper was very not the same as the film Last of the Mohicans as far as the storyline. In any case, I feel that the maker and executive of this film worked admirably of saving Cooper's unique vision of the great American man getting by in the wild, while potentially introducing it better than the book initially did and in a progressively credible manner to a late twentieth century peruser.   â  The producers of the film Last of the Mohicans protected Cooper's focal thoughts and topics well overall, the most significant of whichâ is the issue, what makes a man?â Very barely any books that I have perused contain such an unmistakable feeling of what a man ought to be as Last of the Mohicans.â Cooper depicts the saint, Hawkeye, as courageous, autonomous, and able in the methods for the woods.â He is a tracker, he can hit an objective with a shot from any separation, he can battle the malicious Iroquois Indians without batting to such an extent as an eyelash.â The creators of the film make careful arrangements to save these features of Hawkeye, however then go past what Cooper initially set down as the premise forâ his saint's character.â In the book, Hawkeye shows very small inclination and the peruser has almost no sympathy with him, despite the fact that he is the hero.â In the film, be that as it may, there is an incredible sentiment between Hawkeye and Cora that doesn't exist in the book.â This sentiment includes a more human side to Hawkeye's character;â it show s his mindful side past all the saint woodsman characteristics - at the end of the day, the non-Rambo, late twentieth century rendition of a hero.â Every legend should ha... ...d, when Magua, the malevolent opponent, slaughters Uncas and Alice is given the decision of being Magua's better half or slaughtering herself, she picks passing. Cooper's unique purpose was to have Cora slaughtered for being impudent, while Alice stayed easygoing and alive.â Instead the creators of the film change even the weak Alice into a character of solidarity and freedom (the late twentieth century perfect), as appeared in her last demonstration of suicide.â Cora, additionally solid and favored with the capacity to think for herself all through the film,â survives.â I f these progressions added a ton to the characters of both Cora and Alice, who in the book were stick figures, females who did for all intents and purposes only be spared. also, in light of this once more fortifies my assessment that the film holds Cooper's vision and presents it better than Cooper did himself.

Case study Milk - 1925 Words

Case study: Milk (Case Study Sample) Content: Case studyName:Instructor:Course:Date:Case studyIntroductionMilk is not just the usual drink; it has become a cultural norm in most parts of the world which goes back to thousands of years. Currently the myths and misconception of milk is still loud and clear. In 2001, the average American child consumed 104 quarts of cow's milk. Due to the presence of calcium and phosphorous in milk, the intake of milk has been associated with improved bone health but contrary to this research has proved that this is just a myth and that the opposite is true. Milk is a rich food that is composed of all nutrients and micronutrients needed by the body. Milk comes in various forms such as whole milk, skimmed milk, cheese yoghurt, salami and so on. Skim milk in particular contains little or no fatas compared to whole milk. As a result it is usually recommended for individuals who want to lose weight and maintain a healthy body. Generally skim milk is less healthy than whole milk since it does not contain milk fat. It lacks fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A and K. Apart of milk fat can be removed from whole milk to make semi-skim milk. Milk is composed of several minerals such as phosphorus. Skim milk is particularly a good source of phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential mineral that accounts for up to 1 percent of the total body weight of a human being. This paper is focused on bringing out the relationship of milk and bone fracture.There those who strongly belief that increased intake of calcium in the form of the currently recommended three glasses of milk per day helps in preventing osteoporosis, which is defined as the weakening of bones due to low bone mass. Osteoporosis causes more than 1.5 million fractures of which 300,000 are broken hips. On the other hand there are those who belief that consuming a lot of milk and other dairy products will have little effect on the rate of fractures but may contribute to problems such as heart disease or prostate c ancer. It is vital to have an understanding of the function of calcium in the body so as to help establish whether milk intake has any significant effect on bone fracture.CalciumCalcium is one of the trace elements needed by the body to perform the following functions: transmission of impulse in the nervous system; growth, development and maintenance of strong healthy bones and teeth, blood clotting mechanism, and the regulation of the heart's rhythm. Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the human body is stored in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1 percent is found in the blood and other tissues. There are two ways in which the body gets calcium. One way is through taking dietary supplements that are rich in calcium. Rich sources of calcium include dairy products, green vegetables and dried beans. Dairy products contain the largest concentration of calcium per serving and have a high absorption rate in the body (Harvard School of Public Health).Calcium supplements are usually sp iked with vitamin D so as to derive more health benefits. The second way in which the body gets calcium is from the bone reserves. When the calcium level in the blood goes down below the required amount, calcium in the bone is pulled out to restore the calcium level in the blood.Statement of the problemConsumption of milk as been linked to improved bone health for a long time making it one the most consumed product in the world. Milk contains calcium which is a major component of the bone mass. Contrary to this popular belief studies have shown that intake of milk in adults has no significant effect on the health status of the bone. In fact some studies have suggested that bone intake actually depletes the much needed calcium in the body thereby making it weak and prone to fracture. This paper aims at establishing facts relating to milk consumption and bone health by engaging people of different age groups in the research.HypothesisNull hypothesis: Milk consumption has no significan t effect on reducing bone fractures on people of all age groups.Alternate hypothesis: Consumption of milk has a significant effect on the reduction of bone fractures on people of all age group.Literature reviewMilk is associated with the depletion of calcium from bonesThe myth about health benefits of milk has spread all over the world. This misconception is based on the belief that milk is a protein and calcium-rich drink making it essential for supporting good overall health and bone health in particular at any age. The confusion arising from the health benefit of milk stems from the fact that it contains calcium. A cup of milk contains about 300 mg of calcium. Several scientific studies have shown an assortment of detrimental health effects directly linked to milk consumption. These scientific studies have shown a surprising fact contrary to the conventional belief relating to milk and bone health. Studies have shown that the intake of milk actually reduces the absorption of calc ium in the bone. People rarely absorb calcium present in the cow's milk and it is even worse for pasteurized milk. This is a great irony since the studies further shows that it actually increases the loss of calcium in the bones.Animal proteins contain the acidic group which makes the body pH acidic as a result biological reaction is triggered. Calcium is one of the best neutralizing agents of acidity in the body. Calcium is stored in the bone marrow. What actually happens when a person takes milk is that calcium is released from the bone reserves so as to neutralize the acidic effect brought about by milk protein. Therefore the calcium that body needs for maintaining strong healthy bone and the general good health status of the body is used to neutralize acidity. Once calcium is removed from the bones, it is excreted from the body as urine. Therefore the net result of milk intake is deficit of calcium in the body. Statistics has proved this right since countries with the lowest con sumption of dairy products also have the lowest fracture incidence in their population.Despite all these facts about the milk and health the majority of mainstream health practitioners ignore these proven facts. Most doctors usually recommend that increased intake of milk in case of osteoporosis (Burckhardt, 2007).The cow's milk is specifically tailored for calves. It is the best source of food for calves. Calves usually have an average weight of about 1000 pounds at birth but they weigh approximately eight times more at the time of weaning. After weaning they never attempt to take milk again which also applies to all the other mammalian species. This is a lesson that humans need to learn and stop their obsession with milk. Each mammalian species have their own type of m ilk that is specifically tailored to meet their needs. The milk of a cow particularly contains about thrice the amount of protein present in human milk which creates metabolic disturbances in humans that have detrim ental bone health consequences. The mother's milk is the best source of nutrients for the human body but the same cannot be said of the cow's milk since its composition is different from humans (London, 2011).Minerals in MilkMilk is composed of several minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, selenium and zinc. These minerals occur in the form of salts in varying proportion in milk as follows; approximately 67% calcium, 44% phosphate and 35% magnesium salts. These salts are bound within the casein micelle and the remainders are soluble in the serum phase. The fact that calcium and phosphate are associated as salts bound with the protein does not affect the nutritional availability of either calcium or phosphate.Several studies have shown that calcium supplementation can retard bone loss among adult women. However, inconsistent results from prospective studies and interventions trials '4 have not provided strong support for a positive association between adult calc ium intake and osteoporotic fractures. The fragility of the bone is mainly as a result of low bone mass. Direct investigation that has been con...

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Differences Between Public And Community Health - 1220 Words

Public and community health both have a common goal which is to promote, preserve, and maintain health of individuals whether it is through entire population or group of individuals within a society. Personal health is universal term which is associated with an individual or a community that focus on health of individual(s). This paper discusses differences between public and community health along with its benefits and disadvantages. It also focuses on public health assessment as well as management of conflict by policy makers. Formation of public policy by using health assessments and finally, legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes and how it affects the community. Public health is a huge umbrella term that represent population and within that population is a community. Its primary focus is on population and prevention of diseases and creating healthy communities nationally. It incorporates social, physical, and cultural environments to assist people and their communities (Public Health and Medicine, 2016). Benefits of public health includes preventing disease and prolonging life such as vaccinations. It focuses on threats to overall health of a community with an aim of controlling rather than treating diseases and promote healthy behaviors. It also focuses on treating diseases in case of outbreaks such as in Zika virus. Additional, benefits include improving communication among political and economic departments to improve health of public and communities.Show MoreRelatedCritically Compare and Contrast Community Psychology and Public Health Approaches to Social Problems851 Words   |  4 Pagescritically compare and contrast community psychology and public health approaches to social problems. I will do this by comparing strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, as well as similarities between these approaches. To compare these two concepts, one should first have a basic understanding of the origins and historical development of community psychology and public health. According to the American Heritage Medical dictionary (www.ahdictionary.com) Community Psychology is â€Å"the applicationRead MoreCommunity Psychology1488 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Similarities and differences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Strengths and weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Reference list†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 3 Critically compare and contrast community psychology with the public health approach Introduction In this essay, I will critically compare and contrast community psychology and the public health model in terms of their origins, core concepts, strengthsRead MoreA Comparison of Community Psychology and Public Health1179 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARISON OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH. 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This paper will discuss the differences between private and public health insurances as wellRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1055 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoringRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1049 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoring

Business Corporations Standards Board

Question: Discuss about the Business Corporations for Standards Board. Answer: Introduction Business corporations around the world emphasises on incorporating a sound conceptual framework for ensuring the development of high-quality financial reports to effectively meet the needs of all users. Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is an Australian Government Agency that mainly holds the responsibility of establishing financial reporting standards to be followed by all the corporations in the country. ASSB develops and establishes all the accounting standards as per the principles of conceptual framework (About the AASB, 2016). In this context, the present report aims to analyse the level of annual reports compliance of two Australian companies that are TPG Telstra with conceptual frameworks and AASB reporting standards. The effect of prudence principle on the presentation of annual report is also demonstrated in detail in the present report. Compliance of TPG and Telstra annual reports with conceptual framework and AASB standards requirements TPG is a market leader in the telecommunication industry of Australia that is actively involved in providing its customers communication services that are reliable, fast and cost effective. The company provides Fibre Optic, telephony services, Internet Protocol Television and other diverse range of communication services to residential users, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), government, large corporate enterprises and wholesale customers (About TPG, 2016). The company annual report depicted that it follows the conceptual framework and Australian accounting standards board while preparing financial statements. Accounting Conceptual Framework encloses a set of theoretical principles that are generally accepted as guidelines in preparation of financial statements. The conceptual framework reviews the annual report of the companies in terms of understanding, relevance, reliability and comparability (Australian Reporting Essentials, 2016). AASB governs and reviews the Australian corpo rations reporting standards with the application of principles of conceptual framework. Understanding means that the financial information disclosed is simple and relevant to be presented in front of the users. It should not be unnecessarily lengthy or complex that decrease its understanding. The annual report of the company prepared by the directors is prepared in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. The financial statements are developed in a clear manner by the application of accounting records to reflect the transactions of the company with reasonable accuracy (Burton and Jermakowicz, 2015). The financial statements prepared of the company are also in accordance with the relevance principle of the conceptual framework and AASB standard requirements. The relevance principle indicates that it facilities users to evaluate past, present and future financial events. The companys annual report has disclosed relevant information regarding Net Profit after Tax (NPAT), Earnings per share (EPS) and Dividend per Share (DPS). The operating and financial review section of the annual report presented concise and materialistic information regarding corporate business, cash flow, its acquisition of the inept Group (. The annual report also reflected that financial information published is reliable that is free from any type of material error. The annual report has incorporated the use of accurate and specific financial figures to reflect its profitability and growth. The annual report also complies largely with comparability standards so that the financial statements are easily comparab le for users for the investment purposes. The financial information is being thoroughly analysed and examined with the comparison of the previous years (TPG Annual Report, 2015). TPG however does not comply with the Corporations Act 2001 of Australia in preparing its financial reports by not disclosing precise information on environment stewardship. The annual report has also demonstrated all the information necessary for maintaining the investor confidence in the Australian economy. On the contrary, Telstra annual report also reflects compliance with conceptual framework and ASSB standards requirements. The company is also a leader in telecommunications and media industry of Australia that provides mobile phones, home phones and broadband internet devices to the countrys economy. The principles of understanding, relevance, reliability and comparability of conceptual framework are effectively followed by the company. However, its annual report is clear and presents materialistic information to the users. The report has incorporated all the information regarding the companys sustainability that is not presented in the Telstra annual report. Also, the financial information is not divided into clear sections in TPG annual report that makes it relatively difficult to be understood in comparison to Telstra annual report (Telstra Annual Report, 2016). Reason of non-compliance of TPG with some of the principles of Conceptual Framework and AASB standard requirements TPG does not comply with the AASB standard requirements of disclosing all the materialistic information regarding environment sustainability. The act has implemented obligations on corporations to disclose their environmental performance in the annual reports. It mandates environment reporting for the companies to know the effects of their business operations on environment sustainability. This may due to the reason as the government is finding this section as vague and uncertain and therefore has not mandated the Australian corporations to disclose their environmental performance (Taberner, et al, 2016). This proposal of the countrys government is under criticism due to the fact that shareholders and community holds the responsibility of knowing the environmental effects of the corporation for ensuring their well-being. The government, in this context, is suggested by the criticisers of replacing the section of the Corporations Act 2001 with the mandatory reporting regime that addre sses environment responsibility of the corporations. The mandatory reporting regime should clarify the necessary environment responsibilities of the Australian corporations for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders. The reporting regime should mandate the business corporations to fulfil their obligations towards community benefits by applying the principles of good corporate governance. Thus, in the absence of mandatory requirements for environmental reporting, TPG does not comply with conceptual framework and AASB standard requirement of disclosing all the relevant information regarding the companys performance (Taberner, et al, 2016). Revision of Conceptual Framework to include prudence for addressing the disparity in corporate Reporting The element of prudence was removed from the reliability principles of conceptual framework in the year 2010. Reliability is a fundamental qualitative characteristic of conceptual framework that emphasises on faithful representation of the information that is complete, neutral and free from any type of error. The concept of prudence was incorporated in reliability principle before the time period of 2010. Prudence can be stated as inclusion of degree of caution in the exercise of judgements where there is existence of any uncertainty (Deegan, 2014). Prudence emphasises on use of reasonable and professional opinions for resolving matters relating to the occurrence of any uncertain condition. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has revised the conceptual framework for inclusion of prudence to enhance consistency and clarity in the corporate reporting (Bringing Clarity to the Conceptual Framework, 2016). IASB has incorporated the adoption of prudence principle in the concept ual framework that governs the preparation of annual report by Australian corporations. The concept of prudence was ignored by the IASB in conceptual framework as a means of reflecting unrealistic estimated in the annual reports prepared. The addition of prudence principle would rather help the Australian corporations to undertake a degree of caution in managing uncertainty existing in the business procedures (Kieso et al, 2010). The disparity in corporate reporting found out in the case of TPG of not disclosing the information regarding its environment responsibility can be properly addressed with the inclusion of prudence in conceptual framework. The government of Australia is facing ambiguousness regarding the implementation of a legal section under the Corporations Act 2001 for mandating companies to report their environmental performance (Dagwell et al, 2011). The ambiguousness can be resolved with the including prudence in reliability principle of conceptual framework. The uncertainty faced by the government regarding the adoption of compulsory standards for governing environmental sustainability can be resolved through application of prudence principle. The concept of prudence would help in overcoming the inconsistencies that exists in corporations report regarding disclosing of environment sustainability (PKF International Ltd, 2015). As discussed above, Telstra in its annual report has reflected the information regarding its environmental performance and the initiatives taken by it to achieve sustainability. However, TPG has not enclosed the information about its initiatives and responsibility taken in the regard of achieving environmental sustainability. The absence of prudence in the reliability principle of conceptual framework can be regarded as the major reason behind the disparity in the corporate reporting of TPG. Australian government can overcome the confusion regarding the adoption of mandatory standards for reporting the firms CSR initiatives by seeking the help of professional judgements for implementing the same. Recommendations On the basis of the overall discussion, it can be recommended to TPG to incorporate changes in its annual report disclosing format. As analysed from the annual report prepared by Telstra Corporation, all the necessary sections are incorporated in the report for making it understandable by the end-users. The inclusion of various headings and sub-sections in the annual report enhances its credibility and makes it easy for the investors to analyse the companys performance for investing purpose. Telstra has also outlined a specific section in its annual report for distracting its various measures adopted for protecting the environment and community from adverse effects of its operational activities. The same is lacking in the annual report of TPG as it has not enclosed the companys performance regarding achieving environment sustainability. As per the accounting standard requirements of AASB, the corporations in Australia has to prepare their annual report by adopting the rules and regulations of Corporations Act 2001. The Act has also directed the companies to report their environment sustainability measures but the adoption of a mandatory reporting regime is the issue of debate for the government of the country. The inclusion of prudence principle in the corporations reporting framework can help the government of the country for reducing the uncertainty existing with the implementation of a mandatory standard for reporting their environmental performance (Krivogorsky, 2011). On the basis of comparison of annual reporting framework of TPG and Telstra, it is recommend to TPG to incorporate a detailed section for reporting its environmental performance for achieving sustainability. Both the companies operate in the telecommunication sector of Australia; Telstra has achieved a good market position in the specific sector o f the country through attaining goodwill among its stakeholders. Telstra has achieved good brand position among its stakeholders through the inclusion of responsible practices for protecting the environment and community as reflected from its annual report. On the other hand, TPG still lacks behind from Telstra in terms of brand image due to non-disclosure of its environmental performance in its annual report. Conclusion It can be summarised from the overall discussion held in the report that TPG and Telstra both have attained strong position in the telecommunication sector of Australia. Both the companies comply with conceptual framework and AASB standards as reflected from their annual report. However, TPG still needs to revise its annual reporting format to incorporate the obligations of Corporations Act 2001 for reflecting its initiatives taken for protecting environment. TPG can strengthen its brand image through properly disclosing the materialistic information about its environment sustainability measures. The inclusion of prudence principle in the conceptual framework can help in overcoming the identified annual reporting disparity of TPG. References About the AASB. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/About-the-AASB.aspx [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. About TPG. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.tpg.com.au/about/profile.php [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Australian Reporting Essentials. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Current-issues/Conceptual-framework.aspx [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Bringing Clarity To The Conceptual Framework. 2016. [Online]. 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