IT case study Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IT contextual investigation - Outline Example t business measurements, useful assistance advantages for the cafã ©, administration utility, results got from rehearsing request the executives, significance of early life backing and whether the cafã © ought to have the administration work area (Lytras, Ziderman and Manolova, 2010. pp.156). IT foundation library is the way toward providing fundamental practices for the IT administrations. The utilization of this technique is rising in light of the fact that different business premises rely upon IT to fulfill and accomplish the company’s’ procedures. Along these lines, Bill Melmac, the proprietor of Melmac cafã © ought to consider executing the IT foundation Library in its business. This will be of advantage in light of the fact that the library has unique speculations and methodology that direct any business to settle on the best and productive thought relating the activity and the executives of the business. ITIL will offer Bill Melmac with advices and diverse IT seminars on the administration of his business administrations (Lytras, Ziderman and Manolova, 2010. pp.157). ITIL will furnish Bill Melmac with general information in regards to the cafã © administration systems, the plans that he ought to apply in conveying the arranged nourishments to the customers, the best assistance progress material in his business, prudent help tasks and how he can constantly improve his cafã © administrations. Hence, in the wake of applying the ITIL in his cafã ©, Bill will pass on the ideal ITIL bundle the board answers for his cafã ©. He will likewise distinguish the particular prerequisites for his business and actualize them thusly. He will find out the reasonable ITIL administration the board arrangements that are significant in taking care of his business issues and guarantee that the administration is savvy (Lytras, Ziderman and Manolova, 2010. pp.156). Business result alludes to the objective or the advantages that a given business premise endeavors to accomplish after it encounters intercessions or makes changes. Business results are the principle reasons why numerous organizations draw in different exercises, activities,

James Fenimore Coopers Last of the Mohicans: Book and Movie Essay

James Fenimore Cooper's Last of the Mohicans: Book and Movie  The book Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper was very not the same as the film Last of the Mohicans as far as the storyline. In any case, I feel that the maker and executive of this film worked admirably of saving Cooper's unique vision of the great American man getting by in the wild, while potentially introducing it better than the book initially did and in a progressively credible manner to a late twentieth century peruser.   â  The producers of the film Last of the Mohicans protected Cooper's focal thoughts and topics well overall, the most significant of whichâ is the issue, what makes a man?â Very barely any books that I have perused contain such an unmistakable feeling of what a man ought to be as Last of the Mohicans.â Cooper depicts the saint, Hawkeye, as courageous, autonomous, and able in the methods for the woods.â He is a tracker, he can hit an objective with a shot from any separation, he can battle the malicious Iroquois Indians without batting to such an extent as an eyelash.â The creators of the film make careful arrangements to save these features of Hawkeye, however then go past what Cooper initially set down as the premise forâ his saint's character.â In the book, Hawkeye shows very small inclination and the peruser has almost no sympathy with him, despite the fact that he is the hero.â In the film, be that as it may, there is an incredible sentiment between Hawkeye and Cora that doesn't exist in the book.â This sentiment includes a more human side to Hawkeye's character;â it show s his mindful side past all the saint woodsman characteristics - at the end of the day, the non-Rambo, late twentieth century rendition of a hero.â Every legend should ha... ...d, when Magua, the malevolent opponent, slaughters Uncas and Alice is given the decision of being Magua's better half or slaughtering herself, she picks passing. Cooper's unique purpose was to have Cora slaughtered for being impudent, while Alice stayed easygoing and alive.â Instead the creators of the film change even the weak Alice into a character of solidarity and freedom (the late twentieth century perfect), as appeared in her last demonstration of suicide.â Cora, additionally solid and favored with the capacity to think for herself all through the film,â survives.â I f these progressions added a ton to the characters of both Cora and Alice, who in the book were stick figures, females who did for all intents and purposes only be spared. also, in light of this once more fortifies my assessment that the film holds Cooper's vision and presents it better than Cooper did himself.

Case study Milk - 1925 Words

Case study: Milk (Case Study Sample) Content: Case studyName:Instructor:Course:Date:Case studyIntroductionMilk is not just the usual drink; it has become a cultural norm in most parts of the world which goes back to thousands of years. Currently the myths and misconception of milk is still loud and clear. In 2001, the average American child consumed 104 quarts of cow's milk. Due to the presence of calcium and phosphorous in milk, the intake of milk has been associated with improved bone health but contrary to this research has proved that this is just a myth and that the opposite is true. Milk is a rich food that is composed of all nutrients and micronutrients needed by the body. Milk comes in various forms such as whole milk, skimmed milk, cheese yoghurt, salami and so on. Skim milk in particular contains little or no fatas compared to whole milk. As a result it is usually recommended for individuals who want to lose weight and maintain a healthy body. Generally skim milk is less healthy than whole milk since it does not contain milk fat. It lacks fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A and K. Apart of milk fat can be removed from whole milk to make semi-skim milk. Milk is composed of several minerals such as phosphorus. Skim milk is particularly a good source of phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential mineral that accounts for up to 1 percent of the total body weight of a human being. This paper is focused on bringing out the relationship of milk and bone fracture.There those who strongly belief that increased intake of calcium in the form of the currently recommended three glasses of milk per day helps in preventing osteoporosis, which is defined as the weakening of bones due to low bone mass. Osteoporosis causes more than 1.5 million fractures of which 300,000 are broken hips. On the other hand there are those who belief that consuming a lot of milk and other dairy products will have little effect on the rate of fractures but may contribute to problems such as heart disease or prostate c ancer. It is vital to have an understanding of the function of calcium in the body so as to help establish whether milk intake has any significant effect on bone fracture.CalciumCalcium is one of the trace elements needed by the body to perform the following functions: transmission of impulse in the nervous system; growth, development and maintenance of strong healthy bones and teeth, blood clotting mechanism, and the regulation of the heart's rhythm. Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the human body is stored in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1 percent is found in the blood and other tissues. There are two ways in which the body gets calcium. One way is through taking dietary supplements that are rich in calcium. Rich sources of calcium include dairy products, green vegetables and dried beans. Dairy products contain the largest concentration of calcium per serving and have a high absorption rate in the body (Harvard School of Public Health).Calcium supplements are usually sp iked with vitamin D so as to derive more health benefits. The second way in which the body gets calcium is from the bone reserves. When the calcium level in the blood goes down below the required amount, calcium in the bone is pulled out to restore the calcium level in the blood.Statement of the problemConsumption of milk as been linked to improved bone health for a long time making it one the most consumed product in the world. Milk contains calcium which is a major component of the bone mass. Contrary to this popular belief studies have shown that intake of milk in adults has no significant effect on the health status of the bone. In fact some studies have suggested that bone intake actually depletes the much needed calcium in the body thereby making it weak and prone to fracture. This paper aims at establishing facts relating to milk consumption and bone health by engaging people of different age groups in the research.HypothesisNull hypothesis: Milk consumption has no significan t effect on reducing bone fractures on people of all age groups.Alternate hypothesis: Consumption of milk has a significant effect on the reduction of bone fractures on people of all age group.Literature reviewMilk is associated with the depletion of calcium from bonesThe myth about health benefits of milk has spread all over the world. This misconception is based on the belief that milk is a protein and calcium-rich drink making it essential for supporting good overall health and bone health in particular at any age. The confusion arising from the health benefit of milk stems from the fact that it contains calcium. A cup of milk contains about 300 mg of calcium. Several scientific studies have shown an assortment of detrimental health effects directly linked to milk consumption. These scientific studies have shown a surprising fact contrary to the conventional belief relating to milk and bone health. Studies have shown that the intake of milk actually reduces the absorption of calc ium in the bone. People rarely absorb calcium present in the cow's milk and it is even worse for pasteurized milk. This is a great irony since the studies further shows that it actually increases the loss of calcium in the bones.Animal proteins contain the acidic group which makes the body pH acidic as a result biological reaction is triggered. Calcium is one of the best neutralizing agents of acidity in the body. Calcium is stored in the bone marrow. What actually happens when a person takes milk is that calcium is released from the bone reserves so as to neutralize the acidic effect brought about by milk protein. Therefore the calcium that body needs for maintaining strong healthy bone and the general good health status of the body is used to neutralize acidity. Once calcium is removed from the bones, it is excreted from the body as urine. Therefore the net result of milk intake is deficit of calcium in the body. Statistics has proved this right since countries with the lowest con sumption of dairy products also have the lowest fracture incidence in their population.Despite all these facts about the milk and health the majority of mainstream health practitioners ignore these proven facts. Most doctors usually recommend that increased intake of milk in case of osteoporosis (Burckhardt, 2007).The cow's milk is specifically tailored for calves. It is the best source of food for calves. Calves usually have an average weight of about 1000 pounds at birth but they weigh approximately eight times more at the time of weaning. After weaning they never attempt to take milk again which also applies to all the other mammalian species. This is a lesson that humans need to learn and stop their obsession with milk. Each mammalian species have their own type of m ilk that is specifically tailored to meet their needs. The milk of a cow particularly contains about thrice the amount of protein present in human milk which creates metabolic disturbances in humans that have detrim ental bone health consequences. The mother's milk is the best source of nutrients for the human body but the same cannot be said of the cow's milk since its composition is different from humans (London, 2011).Minerals in MilkMilk is composed of several minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, selenium and zinc. These minerals occur in the form of salts in varying proportion in milk as follows; approximately 67% calcium, 44% phosphate and 35% magnesium salts. These salts are bound within the casein micelle and the remainders are soluble in the serum phase. The fact that calcium and phosphate are associated as salts bound with the protein does not affect the nutritional availability of either calcium or phosphate.Several studies have shown that calcium supplementation can retard bone loss among adult women. However, inconsistent results from prospective studies and interventions trials '4 have not provided strong support for a positive association between adult calc ium intake and osteoporotic fractures. The fragility of the bone is mainly as a result of low bone mass. Direct investigation that has been con...

Colleges and Universities in the Los Angeles Area

Differences Between Public And Community Health - 1220 Words

Public and community health both have a common goal which is to promote, preserve, and maintain health of individuals whether it is through entire population or group of individuals within a society. Personal health is universal term which is associated with an individual or a community that focus on health of individual(s). This paper discusses differences between public and community health along with its benefits and disadvantages. It also focuses on public health assessment as well as management of conflict by policy makers. Formation of public policy by using health assessments and finally, legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes and how it affects the community. Public health is a huge umbrella term that represent population and within that population is a community. Its primary focus is on population and prevention of diseases and creating healthy communities nationally. It incorporates social, physical, and cultural environments to assist people and their communities (Public Health and Medicine, 2016). Benefits of public health includes preventing disease and prolonging life such as vaccinations. It focuses on threats to overall health of a community with an aim of controlling rather than treating diseases and promote healthy behaviors. It also focuses on treating diseases in case of outbreaks such as in Zika virus. Additional, benefits include improving communication among political and economic departments to improve health of public and communities.Show MoreRelatedCritically Compare and Contrast Community Psychology and Public Health Approaches to Social Problems851 Words   |  4 Pagescritically compare and contrast community psychology and public health approaches to social problems. I will do this by comparing strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, as well as similarities between these approaches. To compare these two concepts, one should first have a basic understanding of the origins and historical development of community psychology and public health. According to the American Heritage Medical dictionary (www.ahdictionary.com) Community Psychology is â€Å"the applicationRead MoreCommunity Psychology1488 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Similarities and differences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Strengths and weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Reference list†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 3 Critically compare and contrast community psychology with the public health approach Introduction In this essay, I will critically compare and contrast community psychology and the public health model in terms of their origins, core concepts, strengthsRead MoreA Comparison of Community Psychology and Public Health1179 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARISON OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH. 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The World Health Organization (WHO) believesRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication In Foreign Language Students1686 Words   |  7 Pagesand culture was setting aside their own beliefs and values, as well, changing their mindset and becoming adjusted to the new culture. Another studying on communication was aimed to explore the factors on intercultural differences in hopes to increase the awareness of the differences, and what to expect and do when faced with cross-cultural challenges. Zlomislic and her colleagues in 2016 studied educational views on cross-culture and the rewards gained when communicating with unknown cultures. ZlomislicRead MoreDental Public Health Programs At The United States1353 Words   |  6 PagesDental public health programs in the United States operate on federal, state, or local levels. The roles and responsibilities of these programs are directly related to the level of which the program operates. Both similarities and differences can be seen when comparing dental public health programs with regard to organization, financing and delivery of care. Despite differences in the levels in which different dental public health programs operate, all of the programs share a common, generalizedRead MorePrimary Secondary And Tert iary Prevention1655 Words   |  7 Pages HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS ROBERT WEBER June 19, 2016 HA-430-BAP01 WRITING ASSIGNMENT #1 PROFESSOR LAUREN PETE SUMMER 2016 1. What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention? The difference between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention is primary prevention focuses on keeping people healthy by using risk reduction strategies to prevent disease whereas secondary prevention includes the use of procedures that detect pre-clinical changes which can controlRead MorePublic Vs Private Health Care Coverage Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesPublic versus Private Health Care Coverage The United States (U.S.) has a multitude of options for health care coverage. People have the option for private or public coverage. One example of public coverage is Medicaid and an example of private coverage is Blue Cross and Blue Shield (HCSC, 2015). There are many differences between each health care option, the biggest difference is the price you are paying. This paper will discuss the differences between private and public health insurances as wellRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1055 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoringRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1049 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoring

Business Corporations Standards Board

Question: Discuss about the Business Corporations for Standards Board. Answer: Introduction Business corporations around the world emphasises on incorporating a sound conceptual framework for ensuring the development of high-quality financial reports to effectively meet the needs of all users. Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is an Australian Government Agency that mainly holds the responsibility of establishing financial reporting standards to be followed by all the corporations in the country. ASSB develops and establishes all the accounting standards as per the principles of conceptual framework (About the AASB, 2016). In this context, the present report aims to analyse the level of annual reports compliance of two Australian companies that are TPG Telstra with conceptual frameworks and AASB reporting standards. The effect of prudence principle on the presentation of annual report is also demonstrated in detail in the present report. Compliance of TPG and Telstra annual reports with conceptual framework and AASB standards requirements TPG is a market leader in the telecommunication industry of Australia that is actively involved in providing its customers communication services that are reliable, fast and cost effective. The company provides Fibre Optic, telephony services, Internet Protocol Television and other diverse range of communication services to residential users, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), government, large corporate enterprises and wholesale customers (About TPG, 2016). The company annual report depicted that it follows the conceptual framework and Australian accounting standards board while preparing financial statements. Accounting Conceptual Framework encloses a set of theoretical principles that are generally accepted as guidelines in preparation of financial statements. The conceptual framework reviews the annual report of the companies in terms of understanding, relevance, reliability and comparability (Australian Reporting Essentials, 2016). AASB governs and reviews the Australian corpo rations reporting standards with the application of principles of conceptual framework. Understanding means that the financial information disclosed is simple and relevant to be presented in front of the users. It should not be unnecessarily lengthy or complex that decrease its understanding. The annual report of the company prepared by the directors is prepared in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. The financial statements are developed in a clear manner by the application of accounting records to reflect the transactions of the company with reasonable accuracy (Burton and Jermakowicz, 2015). The financial statements prepared of the company are also in accordance with the relevance principle of the conceptual framework and AASB standard requirements. The relevance principle indicates that it facilities users to evaluate past, present and future financial events. The companys annual report has disclosed relevant information regarding Net Profit after Tax (NPAT), Earnings per share (EPS) and Dividend per Share (DPS). The operating and financial review section of the annual report presented concise and materialistic information regarding corporate business, cash flow, its acquisition of the inept Group (. The annual report also reflected that financial information published is reliable that is free from any type of material error. The annual report has incorporated the use of accurate and specific financial figures to reflect its profitability and growth. The annual report also complies largely with comparability standards so that the financial statements are easily comparab le for users for the investment purposes. The financial information is being thoroughly analysed and examined with the comparison of the previous years (TPG Annual Report, 2015). TPG however does not comply with the Corporations Act 2001 of Australia in preparing its financial reports by not disclosing precise information on environment stewardship. The annual report has also demonstrated all the information necessary for maintaining the investor confidence in the Australian economy. On the contrary, Telstra annual report also reflects compliance with conceptual framework and ASSB standards requirements. The company is also a leader in telecommunications and media industry of Australia that provides mobile phones, home phones and broadband internet devices to the countrys economy. The principles of understanding, relevance, reliability and comparability of conceptual framework are effectively followed by the company. However, its annual report is clear and presents materialistic information to the users. The report has incorporated all the information regarding the companys sustainability that is not presented in the Telstra annual report. Also, the financial information is not divided into clear sections in TPG annual report that makes it relatively difficult to be understood in comparison to Telstra annual report (Telstra Annual Report, 2016). Reason of non-compliance of TPG with some of the principles of Conceptual Framework and AASB standard requirements TPG does not comply with the AASB standard requirements of disclosing all the materialistic information regarding environment sustainability. The act has implemented obligations on corporations to disclose their environmental performance in the annual reports. It mandates environment reporting for the companies to know the effects of their business operations on environment sustainability. This may due to the reason as the government is finding this section as vague and uncertain and therefore has not mandated the Australian corporations to disclose their environmental performance (Taberner, et al, 2016). This proposal of the countrys government is under criticism due to the fact that shareholders and community holds the responsibility of knowing the environmental effects of the corporation for ensuring their well-being. The government, in this context, is suggested by the criticisers of replacing the section of the Corporations Act 2001 with the mandatory reporting regime that addre sses environment responsibility of the corporations. The mandatory reporting regime should clarify the necessary environment responsibilities of the Australian corporations for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders. The reporting regime should mandate the business corporations to fulfil their obligations towards community benefits by applying the principles of good corporate governance. Thus, in the absence of mandatory requirements for environmental reporting, TPG does not comply with conceptual framework and AASB standard requirement of disclosing all the relevant information regarding the companys performance (Taberner, et al, 2016). Revision of Conceptual Framework to include prudence for addressing the disparity in corporate Reporting The element of prudence was removed from the reliability principles of conceptual framework in the year 2010. Reliability is a fundamental qualitative characteristic of conceptual framework that emphasises on faithful representation of the information that is complete, neutral and free from any type of error. The concept of prudence was incorporated in reliability principle before the time period of 2010. Prudence can be stated as inclusion of degree of caution in the exercise of judgements where there is existence of any uncertainty (Deegan, 2014). Prudence emphasises on use of reasonable and professional opinions for resolving matters relating to the occurrence of any uncertain condition. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has revised the conceptual framework for inclusion of prudence to enhance consistency and clarity in the corporate reporting (Bringing Clarity to the Conceptual Framework, 2016). IASB has incorporated the adoption of prudence principle in the concept ual framework that governs the preparation of annual report by Australian corporations. The concept of prudence was ignored by the IASB in conceptual framework as a means of reflecting unrealistic estimated in the annual reports prepared. The addition of prudence principle would rather help the Australian corporations to undertake a degree of caution in managing uncertainty existing in the business procedures (Kieso et al, 2010). The disparity in corporate reporting found out in the case of TPG of not disclosing the information regarding its environment responsibility can be properly addressed with the inclusion of prudence in conceptual framework. The government of Australia is facing ambiguousness regarding the implementation of a legal section under the Corporations Act 2001 for mandating companies to report their environmental performance (Dagwell et al, 2011). The ambiguousness can be resolved with the including prudence in reliability principle of conceptual framework. The uncertainty faced by the government regarding the adoption of compulsory standards for governing environmental sustainability can be resolved through application of prudence principle. The concept of prudence would help in overcoming the inconsistencies that exists in corporations report regarding disclosing of environment sustainability (PKF International Ltd, 2015). As discussed above, Telstra in its annual report has reflected the information regarding its environmental performance and the initiatives taken by it to achieve sustainability. However, TPG has not enclosed the information about its initiatives and responsibility taken in the regard of achieving environmental sustainability. The absence of prudence in the reliability principle of conceptual framework can be regarded as the major reason behind the disparity in the corporate reporting of TPG. Australian government can overcome the confusion regarding the adoption of mandatory standards for reporting the firms CSR initiatives by seeking the help of professional judgements for implementing the same. Recommendations On the basis of the overall discussion, it can be recommended to TPG to incorporate changes in its annual report disclosing format. As analysed from the annual report prepared by Telstra Corporation, all the necessary sections are incorporated in the report for making it understandable by the end-users. The inclusion of various headings and sub-sections in the annual report enhances its credibility and makes it easy for the investors to analyse the companys performance for investing purpose. Telstra has also outlined a specific section in its annual report for distracting its various measures adopted for protecting the environment and community from adverse effects of its operational activities. The same is lacking in the annual report of TPG as it has not enclosed the companys performance regarding achieving environment sustainability. As per the accounting standard requirements of AASB, the corporations in Australia has to prepare their annual report by adopting the rules and regulations of Corporations Act 2001. The Act has also directed the companies to report their environment sustainability measures but the adoption of a mandatory reporting regime is the issue of debate for the government of the country. The inclusion of prudence principle in the corporations reporting framework can help the government of the country for reducing the uncertainty existing with the implementation of a mandatory standard for reporting their environmental performance (Krivogorsky, 2011). On the basis of comparison of annual reporting framework of TPG and Telstra, it is recommend to TPG to incorporate a detailed section for reporting its environmental performance for achieving sustainability. Both the companies operate in the telecommunication sector of Australia; Telstra has achieved a good market position in the specific sector o f the country through attaining goodwill among its stakeholders. Telstra has achieved good brand position among its stakeholders through the inclusion of responsible practices for protecting the environment and community as reflected from its annual report. On the other hand, TPG still lacks behind from Telstra in terms of brand image due to non-disclosure of its environmental performance in its annual report. Conclusion It can be summarised from the overall discussion held in the report that TPG and Telstra both have attained strong position in the telecommunication sector of Australia. Both the companies comply with conceptual framework and AASB standards as reflected from their annual report. However, TPG still needs to revise its annual reporting format to incorporate the obligations of Corporations Act 2001 for reflecting its initiatives taken for protecting environment. TPG can strengthen its brand image through properly disclosing the materialistic information about its environment sustainability measures. The inclusion of prudence principle in the conceptual framework can help in overcoming the identified annual reporting disparity of TPG. References About the AASB. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/About-the-AASB.aspx [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. About TPG. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.tpg.com.au/about/profile.php [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Australian Reporting Essentials. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Current-issues/Conceptual-framework.aspx [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Bringing Clarity To The Conceptual Framework. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/discover/cpd-articles/corporate-reporting/holt-jan16.html [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Burton, G. F. and Jermakowicz, E.K. 2015. International Financial Reporting Standards: A Framework-Based Perspective. Routledge. Dagwell, R. et al. 2011. Corporate Accounting in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Kieso, D. E. et al. 2010. Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition. John Wiley Sons. Krivogorsky, V. 2011. Law, Corporate Governance and Accounting: European Perspectives. Routledge. PKF International Ltd. 2015. Wiley IFRS 2015: Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards. John Wiley Sons. Taberner, J. et al. 2016. Corporate liability for environmental performance: Proposal to repeal laws. [Online]. Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/248/corporate-liability-for-environmental-performance-.aspx [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Telstra Annual Report. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://telstra2016ar.interactiveinvestorreports.com/financialreports/downloads/telstra2016ar.pdf [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. TPG Annual Report. 2015. [Online]. Available at: https://www.tpg.com.au/about/pdfs/FY15%20Annual%20Report.pdf [Accessed on: 15 September 2016].

The monetary and fiscal policy implemented during the Great Recession

Introduction The stability and vigor of any economy is very important to individuals living within that country, especially when it comes to determining prices of items, employment and lending interest rates. The economy usually undergoes different business cycles; these cycles include either a period of expansion (boom) or a period of contraction, which is referred to as the recession (Weaver 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The monetary and fiscal policy implemented during the Great Recession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These economic convulsions normally occur in the ordinary course of business and they are usually unpredictable. Some of the most famous economic contractions to ever hit the planet were the great depression of the 1930’s in U.S.A, the Asian currency crises of the late 1990’s and lately the great Recession of Dec 2008-June 09. The long term growth of any economy is usually controlled by the government using both fiscal and monetary policies. These two tools are known as Macroeconomic policies which the government manipulates over the long run and short run in order to ensure that the economy achieves optimal performance (Colander 29). Monetary policies aim to control the supply of money and interest rates within the economy by setting a floor or ceiling on the amount of money supplied at the economy at any one given moment (Weaver 17). Fiscal policies on the other hand is a macroeconomic tool which a government steers the path of the economy by fluctuation the levels of government expenditure and revenue election which is also known as taxation. Both monetary and fiscal policies are important tools that enable the government through economists to carefully plan on how to counter the negative effects of either a recession or economic contraction. The Great Recession The great recession of 2008-09 is considered to be the worst recession that hit the Ame rican economy since World War II, furthermore the fact that the American economy was entering into recession was scaring the rest of the world’s biggest economies and trade partners this wide spread panic threatening to lead to a financial contagion. The beginnings of the effects of the recession were felt in the Q1 (first quarter) of 2008 whereby by March over 63,000 Americans did lose their jobs. In Q3 the effects of the recession were rampant and many businesses around America started closing down due to bankruptcy claims, at the same time the American public spending had plummeted by over 6.3% and the economy of the United States Gross domestic product went down by 0.5%.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the same Q3 of 2008 more that 156,000 American had lost their jobs (Roberts 29-40). During March 2009 the full effects of the recession were seen worldwide with America’s closest allies and business partners facing the hit and having their economies also plunge into economies contractions. During the same time the American unemployment rate had hit 8.5% and close to 5.1% million Americans were now jobless (Auerbach 6). This meant that America was now in a lot of trouble because the Citizens were less liquid and had little or no money to spend, the same applied to businesses and not only were small to mid level commercial enterprises affected by this but also the giant business now felt the hit and their quarterly earnings together with share prices went down. Some of these corporations included A.I.G insurance, GM General Motors, Lehman Brothers, and Bear Stearns. When citizens and businesses of an economy do not spend due to luck of enough disposable income then speculation ceases to exist and an economy which does not spend will definitely not grow but shrink (Roberts 79-82). The American government was forced to intervene because it could no longer sit by and watch the economic prowess of their country go down the drain the government used Macroeconomic policies to restore the public and investor confidence in the American Economy by bringing it back to track. The Government comes to the rescue Fiscal Policies The American government through the Federal Reserve decided to introduce a $ 787 billion stimulus package as a part of its fiscal policy to stimulate spending within the American economy. The American government aimed at increasing the amount of money which was in the hands of Americans. By this way then Americans would have more money to spend on goods and services within their borders. Most of the money from the package leaked and trickled down into the economy through unemployment benefits for those who lost their jobs and other social welfare provisions and domestic expenditure in education, health care, and infrastructure together with the energy sector (Auerbach 1). According to Maynard Keynes, a renowned economist, when the government counters the contraction of an economy during a recession, increased government expenditure can be a way by which the government can increase aggregate demand within the economy. An increase of funds in the economy will mean that there are more funds which individuals can use to purchase goods within the American economy, this way even the business men and entrepreneurs together with corporate establishments will also have more need to increase business activities and order more suppliers from other vendors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The monetary and fiscal policy implemented during the Great Recession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words the spending and demand of goods and services as a result of increase government spending will encourage repeated economic activity that will send a shock wave through the economy and revive business activities (Auerbach 3). The expansionary monetary policy which is also called by economists as easy money was brought about by the Barrack Obama’s administration in order to ensure that local American bushiness would no loner close down because the American consumers lacked funds to stimulate demand, the economists under this regime believed that increased expenditure as the result of the fiscal policy would end up increasing the amount of money that the American public held and this would force them to demand goods and services. Another fiscal policy adopted by the American government during this period was reduction of taxes especially through tax incentives which were also designed for both individuals and companies. Under this scheme, individuals would either save on taxes as a result of tax cuts or receive government cheques of tax incentives. Some of this tax benefits and incentives included new payroll tax incentives where individual taxation was reduced in homesteads that increasing the amount of money available to individuals once they were paid (Auerbach 6). The government reviewed Expansion of child tax credit by extending $1,000 credit to families with children even those families which were not able to pay taxes before. At the same period families with children in collage also got tax incentives in order to promote spending in education, home buyers also got tax incentives through the Homebuyer credit scheme where the government wanted to encourage individuals to buy homes and revive the real estate sector. Unemployed individuals who were enjoying unemployment benefits had their taxable income coming from unemployment benefits also reduced (Roberts 172-177). The government also extended tax incentives to individuals who used more friendly sources of energy and building materials in their homes. Companies on the other hand were allowed to adjust loses running up to five previous years and file for tax refunds, tax credits were also extended to companies which have adopted renewable energy and green practices and some companies also got tax credits and refunds through adjusting the depreciation of their assets.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The move of the American government to offer tax incentive to both the corporate world and individuals was to increase the amount of disposable income in their hands in order to elevate aggregate demand within the American economy. Monetary Policies When the great recession hit America, the government was forced to carry out radical monetary policies in order to pull out the economy out of the recession. The economic bubble that came with the recession interrupted the demand and supply of money together with interest rates. The subsequent contraction of the economy forced the Federal Reserve to adopt an expansionary economic policy that would enable the cash tight economy ensures that the supply of money in the economy was appropriate for recovery. The government besides initiating a $787b went further to bail out banks which had lost numerous funds and had even run out of capital to cater to the largest deposits of their customers (Roberts 82). The rapid revival of the economy mean t that the Federal Bank initiated a nationwide response that would guarantee the increase in supply of money and this would decrease the interest rates. The recession made it hard even for individual and companies to borrow credit because the shortage of money meant that the cost of borrowing had gone up and this led the entire nation to a liquidity problem and individuals/corporate did not spend a lot of money because they feared borrowing. The government thus introduced a bail out package of $ 700B, this bailout plan was necessary and proved fruitful because most of the time it is the banks which serve as the financial intermediaries in a country’s financial system to control the amount of the money in the economy and this provided an avenue by which the Federal Reserve could regulate the supply of money within the economy (Roberts 254). By this way, the Federal Reserve would easily control or influence the interest rates and encourage the American public to borrow money fr om the American Banking system, thus the individuals would spend the money in recurrent expenditures and speculation and encourage growth of the economy. The net effect of this bailout would be stabilization of prices and interest rates, this way business and economic activities would increase steadily and this would reduce unemployment rates in the long run through encouraging repeated expenditure which will push companies into employing more individuals in order to expand their business. Conclusion The moves made by the American government and the Federal reserve contributed a lot towards ensuring that the American economy recovered from the recession more quickly and less scathed. Had the government not reacted as first as it did and used the available macroeconomic policies to bring the expansion effect in the economy at the time of the contraction, then not only would America be affected but the effects of the recession would have been even harder on other countries of the worl d. Works Cited Auerbach, Alan. â€Å"Fiscal policy in recession: US fiscal policy in Recession: what’s next?† CESifo Forum 2/2009. 2009. Web. Colander, David. Macroeconomics, 8th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. Roberts, Michael. The Great Recession. New York: Lulu Enterprises Inc., 2009. Print. Weaver, Frederick. Economic literacy: basic economics with an attitude. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2007. Print. This essay on The monetary and fiscal policy implemented during the Great Recession was written and submitted by user Zayden Tyson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.